1. How do we make the Present Continuous Tense?
The structure of the present continuous tense is:
subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
be base + ing
Look at these examples:
subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ I am speaking to you.
+ You are reading this.
- She is not staying in London.
- We are not playing football.
? Is he watching TV?
? Are they waiting for John.
2. How do we use the Present Continuous Tense?
We use the present continuous tense to talk about:
* action happening now
* action in the future
Present continuous tense for action happening now
a) for action happening exactly now
I am eating my lunch.
past present future
The action is happening now.
Look at these examples. Right now you are looking at this screen and at the same time...
...the pages are turning. ...the candle is burning. ...the numbers are spinning.
b) for action happening around now
The action may not be happening exactly now, but it is happening just before and just after now, and it is not permanent or habitual.
John is going out with Mary.
past present future
The action is happening around now.
Look at these examples:
* Muriel is learning to drive.
* I am living with my sister until I find an apartment.
Present continuous tense for the future
We can also use the present continuous tense to talk about the future - if we add a future word!! We must add (or understand from the context) a future word. "Future words" include, for example, tomorrow, next year, in June, at Christmas etc. We only use the present continuous tense to talk about the future when we have planned to do something before we speak. We have already made a decision and a plan before speaking.
I am taking my exam next month.
past present future
!!!
A firm plan or programme exists now. The action is in the future.
Look at these examples:
* We're eating in a restaurant tonight. We've already booked the table..
* They can play tennis with you tomorrow. They're not working.
* When are you starting your new job?
In these examples, we have a firm plan or programme before speaking. The decision and plan were made before speaking.
3. How do we spell the Present Continuous Tense?
We make the present continuous tense by adding -ing to the base verb. Normally it's simple - we just add -ing. But sometimes we have to change the word a little. Perhaps we double the last letter, or we drop a letter. Here are the rules to help you know how to spell the present continuous tense.
Basic rule Just add -ing to the base verb:
work > working
play > playing
assist > assisting
see > seeing
be > being
Exception 1 If the base verb ends in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant, double the last letter:
s t o p
consonant stressed
vowel consonant
(vowels = a, e, i, o, u)
stop > stopping
run > running
begin > beginning
Note that this exception does not apply when the last syllable of the base verb is not stressed:
open > opening
Exception 2 If the base verb ends in ie, change the ie to y:
lie > lying
die > dying
Exception 3 If the base verb ends in vowel + consonant + e, omit the e:
come > coming
mistake > mistaking
Now check your understanding »
Rabu, 27 Oktober 2010
Demontrative Pronoun
Lesson keyword: this
Which one? This, that, these, those
VOCABULARY:
here, one, ones, that, there, these, this, those, which one
>> "This", "that", "these" and "those" are demonstrative. They indicate
if something is near or far from the speaker:
PRONOUN: NEAR FAR
it this that
they these those
>> Like "I", "my", "you" and "your", the meaning changes depending on the speaker:
TONY SAYS:
TONY TONY'S JACKET MARY MARY'S JACKET
I'm Tony, this is my jacket. You're Mary, that is your jacket.
MARY SAYS:
TONY TONY'S JACKET MARY MARY'S JACKET
You're Tony, that is your jacket. I'm Mary, this is my jacket.
>> "this, that, these" and "those" can be adjectives or pronouns:
-Is that jacket yours?
or:
-Is that your jacket?
-Give me those keys.
or:
-Give me those.
-Are those oak trees?
or:
-Are those trees oak trees?
>> The adverbs "here" and "there" also demonstrate near and far:
NEAR FAR
ADVERB: here there
-Are these your books here?
No, those are my books there.
-Who is that, there?
That's my grandmother.
-No, not the old woman, the young one with black hair.
Oh, that's my sister, Alice.
>> We also use the indefinite pronouns "one" (singular) and "ones" (plural):
-Which chair is yours?
The big one is mine. That one there.
-Here are some shirts, which ones are Michael's?
These black ones are Michael's; and those brown ones there are mine.
>> The first time we speak about something, we demonstrate, the second time we do not:
FIRST SECOND
- 1. What is this? this
2. It is a house. it
- 1. What are those? those
2. They are shoes. they
- 1. Are these the Science books? these
2. No, they are not. they
- 1. Who is that? that
2. He is Mr. Shen. he
EXAMPLES:
-What is this?
It's a pen.
What kind of pen is it?
It's a black ball-point pen.
Is it an expensive pen?
No, it isn't. It's a cheap pen.
-What is that?
It's a bird.
Is it a big bird?
Yes, it is. It's a very big bird.
-What are these?
They are cigarettes.
Are they American cigarettes?
No, they're not. They're Italian cigarettes.
-What are those?
They are trees.
-What are those?
They are clouds.
-What is this?
It's a pen.
-What are these?
They are keys.
PICTURE # 3
>> Bruce is at the fruit vendor's store:
FV: 'Morning Bruce, how's it going?
B: 'Things are going fine Bob, how's business?
FV: Oh, the usual. So what'll it be for today? There's some fine eggplant, and there's some great zucchini.
B: What's that?
FV: What...this? This here is a tomato Bruce.
B: No, not that! That yellow thing, there.
FV: Oh this, these are yellow peppers. They are sweet. They're good in salad.
B: I'll take three.
FV: Okay, do you want this big one?
B: Yes, I want the three biggest ones.
FV: Okay, here you go.
B: Thanks.
FV: That's two twenty.
B: Two twenty for three peppers!
FV: That's the price.
B: Okay, but it's expensive. Here's the money.
FV: Thanks. Prices are high for me too. Here's your change.
B: Yeah, I guess so.
FV: Okay, see you later.
B: See yah.
EXERCISES:
>> Bruce is at the fruit vendor's. Fill in the blanks:
0. B: How much are the bananas?
FV: These big ones, or these little ______?
--- ones
1. B: The big greenish ______.
FV: ______ are two dollars a pound.
2. B: I'd like two pounds, please. And what are ______?
FV: These are fresh imported Italian figs.
3. B: Are ______ good?
FV: ______ are fantastic! Try one.
4. B: MMM, yes, ______ are good. I'd like a pound please.
Are ______ local grapes or imported grapes?
FV: They are local grapes. ______ are very good too.
5. B: What are those green things ______?
FV: ______ here are watermelons.
6. B: I'd like ______ please.
FV: Which ______ ? This ______ or that ______?
7. B: The small ______ there.
FV: Here you are.
B: Thank you.
POSSIBLE ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES:
1. ones - they
2. those
3. they - they
4. they - those - they
5. there - these
6. one - one - one - one
7. one
Which one? This, that, these, those
VOCABULARY:
here, one, ones, that, there, these, this, those, which one
>> "This", "that", "these" and "those" are demonstrative. They indicate
if something is near or far from the speaker:
PRONOUN: NEAR FAR
it this that
they these those
>> Like "I", "my", "you" and "your", the meaning changes depending on the speaker:
TONY SAYS:
TONY TONY'S JACKET MARY MARY'S JACKET
I'm Tony, this is my jacket. You're Mary, that is your jacket.
MARY SAYS:
TONY TONY'S JACKET MARY MARY'S JACKET
You're Tony, that is your jacket. I'm Mary, this is my jacket.
>> "this, that, these" and "those" can be adjectives or pronouns:
-Is that jacket yours?
or:
-Is that your jacket?
-Give me those keys.
or:
-Give me those.
-Are those oak trees?
or:
-Are those trees oak trees?
>> The adverbs "here" and "there" also demonstrate near and far:
NEAR FAR
ADVERB: here there
-Are these your books here?
No, those are my books there.
-Who is that, there?
That's my grandmother.
-No, not the old woman, the young one with black hair.
Oh, that's my sister, Alice.
>> We also use the indefinite pronouns "one" (singular) and "ones" (plural):
-Which chair is yours?
The big one is mine. That one there.
-Here are some shirts, which ones are Michael's?
These black ones are Michael's; and those brown ones there are mine.
>> The first time we speak about something, we demonstrate, the second time we do not:
FIRST SECOND
- 1. What is this? this
2. It is a house. it
- 1. What are those? those
2. They are shoes. they
- 1. Are these the Science books? these
2. No, they are not. they
- 1. Who is that? that
2. He is Mr. Shen. he
EXAMPLES:
-What is this?
It's a pen.
What kind of pen is it?
It's a black ball-point pen.
Is it an expensive pen?
No, it isn't. It's a cheap pen.
-What is that?
It's a bird.
Is it a big bird?
Yes, it is. It's a very big bird.
-What are these?
They are cigarettes.
Are they American cigarettes?
No, they're not. They're Italian cigarettes.
-What are those?
They are trees.
-What are those?
They are clouds.
-What is this?
It's a pen.
-What are these?
They are keys.
PICTURE # 3
>> Bruce is at the fruit vendor's store:
FV: 'Morning Bruce, how's it going?
B: 'Things are going fine Bob, how's business?
FV: Oh, the usual. So what'll it be for today? There's some fine eggplant, and there's some great zucchini.
B: What's that?
FV: What...this? This here is a tomato Bruce.
B: No, not that! That yellow thing, there.
FV: Oh this, these are yellow peppers. They are sweet. They're good in salad.
B: I'll take three.
FV: Okay, do you want this big one?
B: Yes, I want the three biggest ones.
FV: Okay, here you go.
B: Thanks.
FV: That's two twenty.
B: Two twenty for three peppers!
FV: That's the price.
B: Okay, but it's expensive. Here's the money.
FV: Thanks. Prices are high for me too. Here's your change.
B: Yeah, I guess so.
FV: Okay, see you later.
B: See yah.
EXERCISES:
>> Bruce is at the fruit vendor's. Fill in the blanks:
0. B: How much are the bananas?
FV: These big ones, or these little ______?
--- ones
1. B: The big greenish ______.
FV: ______ are two dollars a pound.
2. B: I'd like two pounds, please. And what are ______?
FV: These are fresh imported Italian figs.
3. B: Are ______ good?
FV: ______ are fantastic! Try one.
4. B: MMM, yes, ______ are good. I'd like a pound please.
Are ______ local grapes or imported grapes?
FV: They are local grapes. ______ are very good too.
5. B: What are those green things ______?
FV: ______ here are watermelons.
6. B: I'd like ______ please.
FV: Which ______ ? This ______ or that ______?
7. B: The small ______ there.
FV: Here you are.
B: Thank you.
POSSIBLE ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES:
1. ones - they
2. those
3. they - they
4. they - those - they
5. there - these
6. one - one - one - one
7. one
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